Forms of Terrorism

White tracks the evolution of the epithet act of terrorism in order to highlight the relevance of setting to de break waterition. He locates the origin of modern terrorism in the french Revolution, although the Terror was identified with the g everywherenment. By the time of the Revolution of 1848, the verge was meant to denote nongovernment actors such as revolutionaries. At the time of the fin de siFcle, terrorism referred to anarchists and separate antigovernment groups. After World War II terrorism referred to anticolonialist nationalist groups, and from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s it generally designated left-of-center and nationalist groups. Beginning in the 1980s, terrorism was identified with so-called "rogue regimes" (White, 2003, p. 5). By the turn of the 21st century, terrorism was close strongly linked to nonstate actors, chiefly religious fanatics or nonreligious, cause-specific fanatics.

annals is only whizz condition in which terrorism is defined. terrorism arises in the context of wars, which themselves vary as to type; in political contexts, whereby the politically powerful control the labeling of terrorists; in the context of repression, which may involve governments in terrorist-like violence; in media contexts, wherein media outlets cerebrovascular accident the term around rather loosely; in contexts of crime, although distinguishing terrorism from crime is controversial; in the context of religion, which becomes a rule for terrorism; and in regard to a "specific mold" (p. 7) of terrorism

Gibson, J.W. (1994). Warrior dreams: paramilitary culture in post-Vietnam America. New York: Hill and Wang.

5000-Chapter 2. Individual and Group Behavior

White's tactical typology is a continuum having three separate measures: level of natural action ( clinical depression to high), type of activity (criminal to political), and type of response (police to military). Within this typology, types of behavior, actors, and institutions can be set that might correspond with kinds of incidents, and lead to a more jazz understanding of terrorism. Also, certain generalizations can be adduced. For example, White says that in general, "the larger the group, the greater its potential for terrorist violence" (p. 15).

another(prenominal) established of terrorist organization places command-and-control and internal discipline in authority over task-oriented specializations: cells (which may autonomous and/or grouped with one other into semiautonomous columns), intelligence (for evaluating targets and planning operations), supply (the means of carrying out an action), "other" logistics (transportation, equipment, etc.), and training. Cells may have as few as quaternity and probably not more than six people; the low number facilitates secrecy and security from infiltration.

The only norms, indeed, that terrorists seem to extol argon those of the terrorist group itself. White discusses that in terms of a distinction between ordinary criminals and terrorists, noting that the latter commit crimes for the cause. Terrorists who are identified with Islamic fundamentalism appear to have as one objective the political transformation of existing regimes with Islamic-majority populations, so as to organize civil society around Islamic law, the shari'a. Another objective is seemingly more connected to 12th-century Crusades than modern survive: jihad, or holy war, against the West, but the events of September 11, 2001, vividly concretized the contemporary content of that objective. Articulations against Weste
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