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Umayyad Caliphate (661 C.E.) - The Umayyad clan took control of the Islamic caliphate after the fourth caliph.  They were ground in Damascus and established a hereditary monarchy.  They reinforced their empire by conquering Syria, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, Spain and parts of the tough imperium in West Asia.  The set up a bureaucratic structure that used local administrators.  Cultures were tolerated as yen as they obeyed the rules of the caliphate, and payed a special tax and did not revolt.  Arabic was the language used for trade and government. Abbasid Caliphate - They moved the capital to Baghdad, which was the sustain largest city in the world then.  The size made it gruelling to control, and their empire was weakened due to the heavy use of slaves, cognize as Mamluks.  The Mamluks served in the army and eventually weakened the Abbasid rule.  By the mid 9th century, the Abbasid Caliphate had been broken into smaller states, but Islam was the cultural continuity.  Areas under Muslim control were known as Dar al-Islam. Byzantine pudding stone (4th century - 1453 C.E.) - This was a continuation of the Eastern romish Empire and is the only survivor of the classical period.  Emperor Justinian (527-565) attempted to reconquer the western portion, but failed.

  He did succeed at codifying Roman laws (Justinians Code).  He controlled religious and political life and replaced Latin with classical as the official language.  The Byzantine Empire was a unfluctuating centralized hereditary monarchy.  It had an effective military and a bureaucracy the answered to the emperor.  The empire was administered by dividing it into themes - military districts - controlled by generals.  The Emperor was considered the clearance of the church service and appointed the patriarch.  This concept was called caesaropapism. In 1054, the Roman pope and Byzantine Patriarch excommunicated each other and the Christian church split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.  Eastern Orthodox Christianity... If you want to get a lavish essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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